lunes, 19 de marzo de 2018

READING COMPRENHENSION "GLOBAL WARMING"




READING GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. Temperatures are certain to go up further.

Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. But the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events.

In Earth’s history before the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate changed due to natural causes unrelated to human activity. These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades. Models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil fuel, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth’s average surface temperature will rise with them. Based on plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could rise between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century. Some of this warming will occur even if future greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, because the Earth system has not yet fully adjusted to environmental changes we have already made.

The impact of global warming is far greater than just increasing temperatures. Warming modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers, and alters the ranges of some infectious diseases. Some of these changes are already occurring.

Earth’s temperature begins with the Sun. Roughly 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice. Of the remaining 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. As the rocks, the air, and the seas warm, they radiate “heat” energy (thermal infrared radiation). From the surface, this energy travels into the atmosphere where much of it is absorbed by water vapor and long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

When they absorb the energy radiating from Earth’s surface, microscopic water or greenhouse gas molecules turn into tiny heaters— like the bricks in a fireplace, they radiate heat even after the fire goes out. They radiate in all directions. The energy that radiates back toward Earth heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface, enhancing the heating they get from direct sunlight.

This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere—the natural greenhouse effect—is beneficial for life on Earth. If there were no greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be a very chilly -18°C (0°F) instead of the comfortable 15°C (59°F) that it is today.

Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. We know about past climates because of evidence left in tree rings, layers of ice in glaciers, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. For example, bubbles of air in glacial ice trap tiny samples of Earth’s atmosphere, giving scientists a history of greenhouse gases that stretches back more than 800,000 years. The chemical make-up of the ice provides clues to the average global temperature.

The impact of increased surface temperatures is significant in itself. But global warming will have additional, far-reaching effects on the planet. Warming modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers, and alters the ranges of some infectious diseases. Some of these changes are already occurring.

For most places, global warming will result in more frequent hot days and fewer cool days, with the greatest warming occurring over land. Longer, more intense heat waves will become more common. Storms, floods, and droughts will generally be more severe as precipitation patterns change. Hurricanes may increase in intensity due to warmer ocean surface temperatures.

The weather isn’t the only thing global warming will impact: rising sea levels will erode coasts and cause more frequent coastal flooding. Some island nations will disappear. The problem is serious because up to 10 percent of the world’s population lives in vulnerable areas less than 10 meters (about 30 feet) above sea level.

The changes to weather and ecosystems will also affect people more directly. Hardest hit will be those living in low-lying coastal areas, and residents of poorer countries who do not have the resources to adapt to changes in temperature extremes and water resources. As tropical temperature zones expand, the reach of some infectious diseases, such as malaria, will change. More intense rains and hurricanes and rising sea levels will lead to more severe flooding and potential loss of property and life.

1 Part.
Answer in Spanish the following question about the reading.



3.    What is Earth’s natural greenhouse effect?


5.    How Will Global Warming Change Earth?



8.    How is Today’s Warming Different from the Past?

sábado, 10 de febrero de 2018

VIDEOS DE ADELE WITH LYRICS




VIDEOS ADELE CON LETRA SUBTITULADA AL ESPAÑOL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCwNh47penQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6P4FNE2n4s

ADVERBS


There are different kinds of adverbs expressing different meaning. The following are some of the common ones.
Adverb of time
An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place it at the beginning. Adverbs of time include afterwardsalreadyalwaysimmediatelylast monthnowsoonthen, and yesterday.


Examples:

  • He collapsed and died yesterday.
  • His factory was burned down a few months ago.
  • Last week, we were stuck in the lift for an hour.

Adverb of place
An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, direct object or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of place include words such as abovebelowhereoutsideover therethereunderupstairs.


Examples:

  • We can stop here for lunch.
  • The schoolboy was knocked over by a school bus.
  • They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the floor below.

Adverb of manner
An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –ly such as badlyhappilysadlyslowlyquickly, and others that include wellhardfast..


Examples:

  • The brothers were badly injured in the fight.
  • They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water.
  • At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well.

Adverb of degree
An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Words of adverb of degree are almostmuchnearlyquitereallysotoovery, etc.


Examples:

  • It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave. (Before adjective)
  • The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain really heavily. (Before adverb)
  • Her daughter is quite fat for her age.
  • The accident victim nearly died from his injuries.
  • After all these years, she is still feeling very sad about her father’s death.
 
Adverb of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used as adverbs of frequency include againalmostalwayseverfrequentlygenerallyhardly evernearlynearly alwaysneveroccasionallyoftenrarelyseldomsometimestwiceusually, and weekly.


Examples:

  • They were almost fifty when they got married.
  • He hardly ever say something nice to his wife.
  • While overseas, he frequently phoned home.
  • She is not nearly always right although she thinks she is always right.
  • He complained that she never smiled back.
  • We only write to each other very occasionally.
  • Peter seldom reads the Bible.
  • Sometimes he stays late in the office to complete his work.
  • Our cat was bitten twice by the same dog.
  • The man usually proposes marriage.

domingo, 4 de febrero de 2018

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

 El presente simple es uno de los tiempos verbales más utilizados en todos los idiomas incluyendo el inglés, puesto que se refiere a los hechos que suceden de manera constante o habitual en el tiempo presente. Es el que más refleja la vida cotidiana de las personas

Fuente: http://www.ejemplos.co/20-ejemplos-de-oraciones-en-presente-simple/#ixzz5693E3wRT

Este tiempo verbal, que en inglés se llama ‘simple present’, es tal vez el primero que estudia quien tiene un acercamiento al idioma, y tiene una variedad de usos. Se debe tener en cuenta que el inglés tiene otra forma de expresar los eventos presentes pero durativos.

Esto es, que se mantienen por cierto tiempo y ocurren coincidentemente con el acto enunciativo: es el que se denomina ‘present continuous’, el otro tipo de presente de esta lengua, también muy usado.


Características del ‘simple present’

Los verbos  en ‘simple present’ se forman agregando a la raíz del verbo la terminación ‘es’ o ‘s’, en el caso de que se trate de la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it) o con solo la raíz en el caso de las demás personas (I, we, they).
El verbo ‘to do’, además de significar ‘hacer’, actúa como verbo auxiliar del tiempo presente para conformar o las oraciones interrogativas y negativas: ‘Do you live in Marruecos?’ (‘¿Vives tú en Marruecos?) o ‘He doesn’t like bananas’ ( ‘A él no le gustan las bananas’).

Usos del simple present

El simple present es utilizado en una variedad de situaciones. Todos los estados y acciones que ocurren en el tiempo presente (excepto los orientados a detallar la persistencia en el tiempo) se expresan mediante este tiempo verbal.
Además, es el que expresa un hábito que se mantiene en el tiempo, o incluso que ocurre esporádicamente o directamente no ocurre nunca, lo que va marcado por adverbios de tiempo del tipo ‘always’, ‘sometimes’, ‘usually’, ‘frequently’, ‘seldom’ o ‘never’.
Asimismo, es el que indica o describe una realidad permanente (ejemplo: ‘The adult human body contains 206 bones’) y el que se emplea para dar cuenta de algo que ocurrirá en un futuro muy cercano  (ejemplo: ‘The plain leaves at 14:30 this afternoon’).




Fuente: http://www.ejemplos.co/20-ejemplos-de-oraciones-en-presente-simple/#ixzz5693X3ieX

sábado, 3 de febrero de 2018

Tipos de Adjetivos en Inglés



Los adjetivos son aquéllas palabras que se unen a un nombre para ampliar, complementar y cuantificar su significado. 

En inglés hay ocho clases de adjetivos:

1. Calificativos: good, bueno; thin, delgado; dry, seco; bad, malo; short, corto

2. Demostrativos: this, este; that, aquel; these, estos; those, aquellos

3. Distributivos: each, cada; every, todo; either, uno y otro; neither, ni uno ni otro.

4. De cantidad: some, algún; any, cualquier; little, poco; few, pocos; many, muchos; much, mucho; enough, bastante

5. Interrogativos:  which?, cual?; what?, ¿qué?; whose?, ¿de quién?, etc.

6. Posesivos: my, mi; your, tu, su, vuestro, his, su (de él); her, su (de ella); its, su (de ello), our, nuestro; your, vuestro, their, suyo (de ellos/as)

7. Propios: French, francés; English, inglés; Spanish, español; etc.

8. Numerales: one, uno; ten, diez; first, primer, second, segundo; etc.

GENERALIDADES

- Los adjetivos en inglés son invariables en género y número.
yellow amarillo, amarilla, amarillos, amarillas
- Normalmente se colocan delante del sustantivo:
I have a big book / Tengo un libro grande
- Verbo To be + (am/is/are/was, etc.) + adjetivo
These pictures are very beautiful Esas imágenes son muy bonitas
- To be + adjetivo tiene en ocasiones la equivalencia a "Tener"
I'm hungry / Tengo hambre

_______________________________________________________________________________


Un adjetivo es una palabra que acompaña y modifica al nombre. Puede ampliar, complementar o cuantificar su tamaño. Son palabras que nombran o indican cualidades, rasgos y propiedades de los nombres o sustantivos a los que acompañan.
Ejemplos:
the tall man(el hombre alto)
happy child(un niño contento)
dark street(una calle oscura)
Spanish woman(una mujer española)
the red ball(la pelota roja)
cold winter(un invierno frío)
the glass table(la mesa de vidrio)

Types of Adjectives (Tipos de adjetivos)

El inglés tiene seis clases de adjetivos:
1. Descriptive/Qualitative (Calificativos)
 fat (gordo) blue (azul) nice (simpático) hot (caliente),
 young (joven) round (redondo) long (largo) early (temprano)
2. Demonstrative (Demostrativos)
this (esto) that (eso) these (estos) those (esos)
Para más información, ver la lección sobre los demostrativos .
3. Quantitative (Cuantitativos)
 some (alguno/s) any (alguno/s, ninguno) many (mucho/s),
 much (mucho)
Para más información, ver la lección sobre los cuantificadores.
4. Interrogative (Interrogativos)
 which? (¿cuál?) what? (¿qué?) where? (¿dónde?) how? (¿cómo?)
Para más información, ver la lección sobre los interrogativos.
5. Possessive (Posesivos)
 my (mi) your (tu) his (su) our (nuestro)
Para más información, ver la lección sobre los posesivos.
6. Numeric (Numéricos)
 one (uno) four (cuatro) first (primero) third (tercero)
Para más información, ver la lecciones sobre los números cardinales y los números ordinales.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

1. El adjetivo casi siempre se sitúa antes del nombre, como hemos visto al principio de esta lección. Con algunos verbos el adjetivo se sitúa detrás del verbo. Estos verbos son:
 to be (ser/estar) to become (ponerse) to feel (sentirse),
 to look (parecer) to seem (parecer) to smell (oler),
 to taste (gustar)
Ejemplos:
She looks [seems] tired.(Parece cansada.)
feel good.(Me siento bien.)
It smells bad.(Huele mal.)
You are beautiful.(Eres guapa.)
2. El adjetivo en inglés no tiene género.
 fast (rápido/a) good (bueno/a) cold (frío/a) tall (alto/a)
3. En general, los adjetivos no tienen una forma plural. Solo los adjetivos demostrativos y cuantitativos tienen formas diferentes para el singular y el plural:
Demostrativos:
this pencil(este lápiz)
these pencils(estos lápices)
Cuantitativos:
much money(mucho dinero)
many books(muchos libros)
4. Podemos usar dos o más adjetivos juntos.
Ejemplos:
small black book(un pequeño libro negro)
pretty Spanish woman(una guapa mujer española)
large glass table(una gran mesa de vidrio)
wonderful old city(una ciudad antigua y maravillosa)
Como norma general, seguimos el siguiente orden cuando utilizamos varios adjetivos:
OrdenTipo de adjetivoEjemplos
1opinión/valor  delicious, wonderful, pretty… 
delicioso, maravilloso, bonita…
2tamaño/longitud  short, big, small, tall… 
bajo, grande, pequeño, alto…
3edad/temperatura  new, old, young, hot, cold… 
nuevo, viejo, joven, caliente, frío…
4forma y superficie  round, thin, square… 
redondo, delgado, cuadrado…
5color  red, black, blue, green… 
rojo, negro, azul, verde…
6origen  Spanish, American, French… 
español, americano, francés…
7material  silver, cotton, paper, iron… 
plata, algodón, papel, hierro…
8uso  electric, political… 
eléctrico, político…
9nombre  bath (towel) 
(toalla de) baño
https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-basico/adjectives/adjectives